NAV

Chlorhexidine

Identification

Summary

Chlorhexidineis an antiseptic used to sterilize for surgeries and in healthcare practice, to reduce pocket depth in periodontitis, and to treat gingivitis.

Brand Names
Betasept, Hibiclens, Instillagel, Nupro Chlorhexidine, Oris, Oro-Clense, Paroex, Perichlor, Peridex, Periochip, Periogard, Prevora, X-pur
Generic Name
Chlorhexidine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00878
Background

Chlorhexidine is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial biguanide used as a topical antiseptic and in dental practice for the treatment of inflammatory dental conditions caused by microorganisms.11It is one of the most common skin and mucous membrane antiseptic agents in use today.2The molecule itself is a cationic bis-guanide consisting of two 4-chlorophenyl rings and two biguanide groups joined by a central hexamethylene chain.7Topical chlorhexidine for disinfection, as well as oral rinses for dental use, carries activity against a broad range of pathogens including bacteria, yeasts, and viruses.12,11,7

Chlorhexidine was developed in the UK by Imperial Chemical Industries in the early 1950s9and was introduced to the US in the 1970s.18The FDA withdrew its approval for the use of chlorhexidine gluconate topical tincture 0.5%, due to a significant number of reports concerning chemical and thermal burns associated with the use of this product.19,20Other formulations of chlorhexidine continue to be available.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Vet approved, Withdrawn
Structure
 3D
Similar Structures
Weight
Average: 505.447
Monoisotopic: 504.203196424
Chemical Formula
C22H30Cl2N10
Synonyms
  • 1,1'-Hexamethylene bis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide)
  • Chlorhexidin
  • Chlorhexidine
  • Chlorhexidinum
  • Cloresidina
  • Clorhexidina
  • N,N'-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3,12-diimino-2,4,11,13-tetraazatetradecanediimidamide

Pharmacology

Indication

Chlorhexidine is available over-the-counter in various formulations (e.g. solution, sponge, cloth, swab) as a topical antiseptic to sanitize prior to surgeries and/or medical procedures.12,13,14,15Dental formulations, available by prescription only, include an oral rinse indicated for the treatment of gingivitis11and a slow-release "chip" which is inserted into periodontal pockets and is indicated for the reduction of pocket depth in adult patients with periodontitis as an adjunct therapy to dental scaling and root planing procedures.16

Reduce drug development failure rates
Build, train, & validate machine-learning models
with evidence-based and structured datasets.
See how
Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.
See how
Associated Conditions
Associated Therapies
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events
Improve clinical decision support with information oncontraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.
Learn more
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events & improve clinical decision support.
Learn more
Pharmacodynamics

Chlorhexidine is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial with demonstrated activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and viruses.2Antimicrobial activity is dose-dependent - chlorhexidine is bacteriostatic at lower concentrations (0.02%-0.06%) and bactericidal at higher concentrations (>0.12%).2Pharmacokinetic studies of oral chlorhexidine rinses indicate that approximately 30% of the active ingredient is retained in the mouth following rinsing, which is subsequently slowly released into oral fluids.11This ability to adsorb to dentine, shared with tetracycline antibiotics such asdoxycycline, is known as "substantivity" and is the result of chlorhexidine's positive charge - it is likely that this substantivity plays at least some role in chlorhexidine's antimicrobial activity, as its persistence on surfaces such as dentine prevent microbial colonization.7

Dental chlorhexidine rinses may result in staining of oral surfaces, such as teeth. This effect is not ubiquitous and appears to be more significant with extended therapy (i.e. up to 6 months) - nevertheless, patients for whom oral staining is unacceptable should use chlorhexidine rinse with caution and for the shortest effective interval.11Allergic reactions to chlorhexidine have been associated with the development of anaphylaxis.8

Mechanism of action

Chlorhexidine’s broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects are due to its ability to disrupt microbial cell membranes. The positively charged chlorhexidine molecule reacts with negatively charged phosphate groups on microbial cell surfaces - this reaction both destroys the integrity of the cell, allowing leakage of intracellular material, and allows chlorhexidine to enter the cell, causing precipitation of cytoplasmic components and ultimately cell death.16,7The specific means of cell death is dependent on the concentration of chlorhexidine - lower concentrations are bacteriostatic and result in leakage of intracellular substances such as potassium and phosphorous, whereas higher concentrations are bactericidal and cause cytoplasmic precipitation.7

Target Actions Organism
ABacterial outer membrane
incorporation into and destabilization
 Bacteria
Absorption

Topically, chlorhexidine is unlikely to undergo any degree of systemic absorption. Orally administered chlorhexidine, such as that found in oral rinses for dental purposes, is very poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract - the Cmaxin human subjects following an oral dose of 300mg was 0.206 µg/g and occurred approximately 30 minutes after ingestion (Tmax).11Following the insertion of 4 PerioChips in 18 adult patients, no detectable plasma or urine chlorhexidine levels were observed.16

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Chlorhexidine is known to bind albumin in both serum and saliva,5though the extent of this binding is unclear.

Metabolism

As chlorhexidine is very poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, it is unlikely to undergo metabolic conversion to any significant extent.11

Route of elimination

Excretion of chlorhexidine gluconate occurs almost exclusively via the feces, with less than 1% of an ingested dose excreted in the urine.11

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomes
With structured adverse effects data, including:blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates.
Learn more
Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
Learn more
Toxicity

The LD50of subcutaneously administered chlorhexidine in mice is >5 g/kg.17

Small children are likely to be more susceptible to chlorhexidine overdose - ingestion of 1-2 ounces by a small child may result in gastric distress, nausea, and intoxication. Treatment should consist of symptomatic and supportive measures. Seek medical attention if a child ingests >4 ounces of chlorhexidine solution or if symptoms of intoxication develop post-exposure.11

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRsBrowse all" title="" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug InteractionsLearn More" title="" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction
Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software
Allogeneic cultured keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in murine collagen The therapeutic efficacy of Allogeneic cultured keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in murine collagen can be decreased when used in combination with Chlorhexidine.
Identify potential medication risks
Easily compare up to 40 drugs with our drug interaction checker.
Get severity rating, description, and management advice.
Learn more
Food Interactions
  • 把食物分开。可能影响的味道吗food and beverages. Avoid eating or drinking for 30 minutes following use.

Products

Drug product information from 10+ global regions
Our datasets provide approved product information including:
dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
Access now
Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
Access now
Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key
Chlorhexidine acetate 5908ZUF22Y 56-95-1 WDRFFJWBUDTUCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chlorhexidine gluconate MOR84MUD8E 18472-51-0 YZIYKJHYYHPJIB-UUPCJSQJSA-N
Chlorhexidine hydrochloride E64XL9U38K 3697-42-5 WJLVQTJZDCGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International/Other Brands
Cida-Stat (Ecolab)/Corsodyl (GlaxoSmithKline)/DentiSept/Dyna-Hex (Xttrium)/Exidine (Xttrium)/Hexadol (Green Cross)/Hibiscrub (AstraZeneca)/Hibitane (Imperial Chemical Industries)/Microderm (Johnson & Johnson)/Periogard Oral Rinse (Colgate)/Pharmaseal Scrub Care (CareFusion)/Prevacare R (Johnson & Johnson)/Rotersept (Roter)/Sterilon (Emcure)/Tubulicid
Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image
Antiseptic Skin Cleanser Solution 4 g/100mL Topical Xttrium Laboratories, Inc. 2012-01-01 Not applicable US flag
Antiseptic Skin Cleanser Solution 4 g/100mL Topical Cardinal Health 2012-01-01 2020-10-31 US flag
Betasept Solution 0.04 mg/1mL Topical Xttrium Laboratories, Inc. 1993-06-01 Not applicable US flag
Chlorhexidine Mouthwash 0.12 % Buccal Bajaj Medical, Llc 2000-08-29 Not applicable Canada flag
Chlorhexidine Mouthwash 0.12 % w/v Buccal Euro Pharm International Canada Inc 2017-10-19 Not applicable Canada flag
Chlorhexidine Alcohol Free Mouthwash 0.12 % w/v Buccal Euro Pharm International Canada Inc 2018-02-20 2021-06-03 Canada flag
Chlorhexidine Gluconate Rinse 0.12 mg/1mL Oral Actavis Mid Atlantic LLC, 2009-02-11 Not applicable US flag
Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% Oral Rinse, USP Mouthwash 0.12 % w/w Buccal Sage Products LLC 2016-02-03 2022-04-22 Canada flag
Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% Oral Rinse, USP Liquid; Mouthwash 0.12 % w/w Oral Xttrium Laboratories, Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada flag
Denticare Chlorhexidine Gluconate Oral Rinse 0.12% Mouthwash 0.12 % Buccal Amd Medicom Inc 1999-11-26 Not applicable Canada flag
Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image
Acclean Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% Oral Rinse Liquid 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Xttrium Laboratories, Inc. 2009-10-01 Not applicable US flag
Acclean Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% Oral Rinse Liquid 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Henry Schein, Inc. 2009-10-01 Not applicable US flag
Acclean Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% Oral Rinse Liquid 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Henry Schein, Inc. 2013-02-01 Not applicable US flag
Acclean Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% Oral Rinse Liquid 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Xttrium Laboratories, Inc. 2013-02-01 Not applicable US flag
Chlorhexidine Solution 1.2 mg/1mL Oral PINNACLE PHARMA LLC 1995-12-15 Not applicable US flag
Chlorhexidine Solution 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Nucare Pharmaceuticals,inc. 1995-12-15 Not applicable US flag
Chlorhexidine Gluconante Rinse 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Amd Medicom Inc. 2006-06-02 2023-05-31 US flag
Chlorhexidine Gluconate Rinse 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Teva 2011-04-07 2011-04-07 US flag
Chlorhexidine gluconate Rinse 1.2 mg/1mL Oral Safecor Health, LLC 2018-09-14 Not applicable US flag
Chlorhexidine Gluconate Rinse 1.2 mg/1mL Oral A-S Medication Solutions 2010-06-01 Not applicable US flag
Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image
Akilgeld Hand Sanitizer Gel 2 % w/w Topical Delta Pharma Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada flag
Akilspray Hand Sanitizer Spray 2 % w/w Topical Delta Pharma Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada flag
Alsoft A Hand Disinfectant 0.2% w/v Solution 0.2 % w/v Goodmaid Chemicals Corp. Sdn. Bhd. 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia flag
Anti Mucedine Feminine Wash Liquid 0.1 g/100mL Topical Jiangxi Renhetang pharmaceutical chain Co., Ltd. 2021-03-16 Not applicable US flag
Anti-bac Hand Soap 0.45 g/100mL Topical Fujian Jinghua Biotechnology Co.,Ltd. 2020-04-25 Not applicable US flag
Antibacterial Protective Hand Lotion .07075 g/14.15g Topical HANOVER PEN CORP dba HPC Global 2013-02-01 Not applicable US flag
Antibacterial Protective Hand Lotion .0045 g/.9g Topical HANOVER PEN CORP dba HPC Global 2013-02-01 Not applicable US flag
Antimicrobial Foam Handwash Liquid 20 mg/1mL Topical GOJO Industries, Inc. 2018-04-01 Not applicable US flag
Antimicrobial Skin Cleanser Liquid 20 mg/1mL Topical GOJO Industries, Inc. 2008-03-01 Not applicable US flag
Antiseptic Body Cleanser Cloth 2 % Topical Sage Products LLC 2006-02-14 Not applicable Canada flag
Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image
(Fruli) Quick-Dry Disposable Hand Sanitizer Chlorhexidine gluconate(0.5 mg/100mL)+Ethanol(70 mL/100mL) Liquid Topical Shandong Zhuojian Medical Technology Co., Ltd. 2020-05-01 Not applicable US flag
(Qiqing) Chlorhexidine Gluconate Alcohol Disinfectant Chlorhexidine gluconate(0.45 mg/100mL)+Ethanol(75 mL/100mL) Liquid Topical Qingdao precision medical technology co., LTD. Zibo branch 2020-05-01 Not applicable US flag
3M Avagard Chlorhexidine gluconate(8.3 mg/1mL)+Ethanol1(506.3毫克/毫升) Lotion Topical 3M Company 2001-06-14 Not applicable US flag
3M SoluPrep Chlorhexidine gluconate(20 mg/1mL)+Isopropyl alcohol(0.7 mL/1mL) Solution Topical 3M Company 2018-10-08 Not applicable US flag
3M SoluPrep Chlorhexidine gluconate(20 mg/1mL)+Isopropyl alcohol(0.7 mL/1mL) Solution Topical 3M Company 2018-10-08 2020-09-30 US flag
3m Soluprep Sponge Chlorhexidine gluconate(2 % w/v)+Isopropyl alcohol(70 % v/v) Sponge Topical 3 M Pharmaceuticals 2013-09-11 Not applicable Canada flag
3เอ็ม ซีเอชจี แพด Chlorhexidine(0.114 ML/1.142ML)+Isopropyl alcohol(0.8 ML/1.142ML) Solution Topical บริษัท 3 เอ็ม ประเทศไทย จำกัด 2018-08-10 Not applicable Thailand flag
Alcohol Antibacterial Wipes Chlorhexidine acetate(0.1 g/100a)+Benzalkonium chloride(0.1 g/100a)+Ethanol(15 g/100a) Cloth Topical Kunming Ansheng Industry & Trade Co., Ltd. 2020-03-30 Not applicable US flag
Alcohol Disinfectant Wipes Chlorhexidine acetate(1 mg/1)+Benzalkonium chloride(1 mg/1)+Ethanol(750 mg/1) Cloth Topical Kunming Ansheng Industry & Trade Co., Ltd. 2020-06-17 Not applicable US flag
ANDOREX %0.15+%0.12 GARGARA, 200 ML Chlorhexidine gluconate(18 mg/15mL)+Benzydamine hydrochloride(22.5 mg/15mL) Rinse Oral PHARMACTİVE İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey flag
Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image
Anti Mucedine Feminine Wash Chlorhexidine acetate(0.1 g/100mL) Liquid Topical Jiangxi Renhetang pharmaceutical chain Co., Ltd. 2021-03-16 Not applicable US flag
Anti-bac Hand Chlorhexidine acetate(0.45 g/100mL) Soap Topical Fujian Jinghua Biotechnology Co.,Ltd. 2020-04-25 Not applicable US flag
Antibacterial Protective Hand Chlorhexidine gluconate(.07075 g/14.15g) Lotion Topical HANOVER PEN CORP dba HPC Global 2013-02-01 Not applicable US flag
Antibacterial Protective Hand Chlorhexidine gluconate(.0045 g/.9g) Lotion Topical HANOVER PEN CORP dba HPC Global 2013-02-01 Not applicable US flag
Antiseptic Cleansing Wipes Chlorhexidine gluconate(0.0002 mg/1mg) Swab Topical Guangdong Comfort Medical Products Co., Ltd. 2017-07-17 Not applicable US flag
Antiseptic Cleansing Wipes Chlorhexidine gluconate(0.0002 mg/1mg) Swab Topical Foshan Flying Medical Products Co., Ltd. 2012-12-27 Not applicable US flag
Bei Ling Tong Bao Er Zheng Yuan Antibacterial Creams Chlorhexidine acetate(0.03 g/15g) Cream Topical Jilin Mancaotang Health Management Group Co Ltd 2018-11-20 2019-10-21 US flag
Chinese Herb Essence Bacteriostatic Feminine Wash Chlorhexidine acetate(0.1 g/100mL) Liquid Topical Jiangxi Renhetang pharmaceutical chain Co., Ltd. 2021-03-16 Not applicable US flag
DermacinRx Clorhexacin Chlorhexidine gluconate(4 g/100mL)+Dimethicone(50 mg/1mL)+Mupirocin(20毫克/ 1 g) Kit Topical PureTek Corporation 2016-06-02 Not applicable US flag
DermacinRx Surgical ComboPak Chlorhexidine gluconate(4 g/100mL)+Dimethicone(50 mg/1mL) Cream; Kit; Solution Topical PureTek Corporation 2015-04-28 Not applicable US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
R02AA05 — Chlorhexidine S03AA04 — Chlorhexidine D08AC52 — Chlorhexidine, combinations D08AC02 — Chlorhexidine S01AX09 — Chlorhexidine D09AA12 — Chlorhexidine B05CA02 — Chlorhexidine A01AB03 — Chlorhexidine S02AA09 — Chlorhexidine
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided byClassyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as chlorobenzenes. These are compounds containing one or more chlorine atoms attached to a benzene moiety.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class
Halobenzenes
Direct Parent
Chlorobenzenes
Alternative Parents
Biguanides/Aryl chlorides/Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds/Carboximidamides/Organopnictogen compounds/Organochlorides/Imines/碳氢化合物的衍生品
Substituents
Aromatic homomonocyclic compound/Aryl chloride/Aryl halide/Biguanide/Carboximidamide/Chlorobenzene/Guanidine/Hydrocarbon derivative/Imine/Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
monochlorobenzenes, biguanides (CHEBI:3614)
Affected organisms
  • Bacteria

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
R4KO0DY52L
CAS number
55-56-1
InChI Key
GHXZTYHSJHQHIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C22H30Cl2N10/c23-15-5-9-17(10-6-15)31-21(27)33-19(25)29-13-3-1-2-4-14-30-20(26)34-22(28)32-18-11-7-16(24)8-12-18/h5-12H,1-4,13-14H2,(H5,25,27,29,31,33)(H5,26,28,30,32,34)
IUPAC Name
N-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{N'-[6-(N-{[N'-(4-chlorophenyl)carbamimidamido]methanimidoyl}amino)hexyl]carbamimidamido}methanimidamide
SMILES
ClC1=CC=C(NC(=N)NC(=N)NCCCCCCNC(=N)NC(=N)NC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2)C=C1

References

Synthesis Reference

Rose, F.L. and Swain, G.; US. Patent 2,684,924; July 27, 1954; assigned to Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.

 US2684924
General References
  1. McBain AJ, Bartolo RG, Catrenich CE, Charbonneau D, Ledder RG, Gilbert P: Effects of a chlorhexidine gluconate-containing mouthwash on the vitality and antimicrobial susceptibility of in vitro oral bacterial ecosystems. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Aug;69(8):4770-6. [Article]
  2. Karpinski TM, Szkaradkiewicz AK: Chlorhexidine--pharmaco-biological activity and application. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Apr;19(7):1321-6. [Article]
  3. Betcher DL, Burnham N: Chlorhexidine. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 1990 Apr;7(2):82-3. doi: 10.1177/104345429000700227. [Article]
  4. Kuyyakanond T, Quesnel LB: The mechanism of action of chlorhexidine. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1992 Dec 15;100(1-3):211-5. [Article]
  5. Hjeljord LG, Rolla G, Bonesvoll P: Chlorhexidine-protein interactions. J Periodontal Res Suppl. 1973;12:11-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1973.tb02158.x. [Article]
  6. Radford JR, Homer KA, Naylor MN, Beighton D: Inhibition of human subgingival plaque protease activity by chlorhexidine. Arch Oral Biol. 1992 Apr;37(4):245-8. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(92)90045-a. [Article]
  7. 穆罕默迪Z,雅培PV:属性和应用tions of chlorhexidine in endodontics. Int Endod J. 2009 Apr;42(4):288-302. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01540.x. Epub 2009 Feb 7. [Article]
  8. Sharp G, Green S, Rose M: Chlorhexidine-induced anaphylaxis in surgical patients: a review of the literature. ANZ J Surg. 2016 Apr;86(4):237-43. doi: 10.1111/ans.13269. Epub 2015 Sep 11. [Article]
  9. Lim KS, Kam PC: Chlorhexidine--pharmacology and clinical applications. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2008 Jul;36(4):502-12. doi: 10.1177/0310057X0803600404. [Article]
  10. Health Canada Product Monograph: Peridex (chlorhexidine gluconate) oral rinse [Link]
  11. FDA Approved Drug Products: Peridex (chlorhexidine gluconate) oral rinse [Link]
  12. FDA批准的药物产品:Avagard(洗必泰/ethyl alcohol) topical solution [Link]
  13. FDA Approved Drug Products: Pre-Scrub (chlorhexidine gluconate) topical scrub [Link]
  14. FDA Approved Drug Products: ChloraPrep One-Step (chlorhexidine/isopropyl alcohol) topical swab [Link]
  15. FDA Approved Drug Products: Chlorhexidine gluconate topical cloth [Link]
  16. FDA Approved Drug Products: PerioChip (chlorhexidine gluconate) chip for oral insertion [Link]
  17. CaymanChem: Chlorhexidine MSDS [Link]
  18. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care (2009) [Link]
  19. Code of Federal Regulations 216.24: Drug products withdrawn or removed from the market for reasons of safety or effectiveness. [Link]
  20. Federal Register: Determination that Chlorhexidine Gluconate Topical Tincture 0.5% Was Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015016
KEGG Drug
D07668
KEGG Compound
C06902
PubChem Compound
9552079
PubChem Substance
46506388
ChemSpider
2612
BindingDB
64773
RxNav
2358
ChEBI
3614
ChEMBL
CHEMBL790
ZINC
ZINC000014768621
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP001326
PharmGKB
PA164776863
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Chlorhexidine
FDA label
Download (56 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical TrialsLearn More" title="" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count
4 Active Not Recruiting Prevention Hospitalizations/Infection 1
4 Active Not Recruiting Prevention Impacted Third Molar Tooth 1
4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Closed Lower Extremity Fracture/Fracture of Pelvis (Disorder)/Open Appendicular Fracture/Surgical Site Infections/Unplanned Fracture-Related Reoperation 1
4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染ion (MRSA)/Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Bacterial Infections/Staphylococcus Aureus 1
4 Completed Not Available Antimicrobial Effectiveness 2
4 Completed Not Available Healthy Subjects (HS) 1
4 Completed Not Available Hip Arthroplasty 1
4 Completed Not Available This Study Evaluated the Effectiveness of Chlorhexidine Mouthrinse on Subgingival Microbiota 1
4 Completed Health Services Research Microbiome, Human 2
4 Completed Other General Skin Cleansing 1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Xttrium laboratories inc
  • Sage products inc
  • Actavis mid atlantic llc
  • Hi tech pharmacal co inc
  • John o butler co
  • Novex pharma
  • Teva制药usa inc
  • Wockhardt eu operations (swiss) ag
  • 3m co
  • Colgate oral pharmaceuticals inc
  • Soapco inc
  • Ecolab inc
  • Regent medical americas llc
  • Johnson and johnson medical inc
  • Matrix medical corp
  • Kw griffen co
  • Becton dickinson and co
  • Kendall co
  • Becton dickinson surgical system
  • Molnlycke health care
  • Pharmaseal div baxter healthcare corp
  • Dexcel pharma technologies ltd
Packagers
  • 3M Health Care
  • Adrian Pharmaceuticals LLC
  • Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
  • Aplicare Inc.
  • Apotex Inc.
  • AR Medicom Inc.
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
  • Cao Group Inc.
  • Colgate Oral
  • Darby Dental Supply Co. Inc.
  • Dental Technologies Inc.
  • DENTSPLY International
  • Dexcel Ltd.
  • Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
  • Germiphene Corp.
  • Henry Schein Inc.
  • Hi Tech Pharmacal Co. Inc.
  • Johnson & Johnson Healthcare
  • Major Pharmaceuticals
  • Medisca Inc.
  • Molnlycke Health
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Nord Ost Corp.
  • Novex Pharma
  • Pharmedix
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Prescript Pharmaceuticals
  • Raz Co. Inc.
  • Rebel Distributors Corp.
  • Sage Products Inc.
  • Stoma Health Products
  • Sunstar Pharmaceutical Inc.
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
  • Xactdose Inc.
  • Xttrium Laboratories
  • Zila Therapeutics Inc.
Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength
Lotion Topical
Solution Topical 20 mg
Solution Topical 40 mg
Sponge Topical
Gel Topical 2 % w/w
Solution 0.2 % w/v
Soap Topical 0.45 g/100mL
Lotion Topical .0045 g/.9g
Lotion Topical .07075 g/14.15g
Liquid Topical 20 mg/1mL
Solution Oral 1 g
Gel Buccal; Oral 0.2 g
Cloth Topical 2 %
Swab Topical 0.0002 mg/1mg
Liquid Topical 4 mg/100mL
Solution Topical 2 % w/w
Solution Topical 2 mg/100mL
Solution Topical 2 g/100g
Solution Topical 2.5 g
Solution Topical 2 g
Dressing Topical .5 %
Liquid Topical 40 mg/1mL
Sponge Topical 40 mg/1mL
Solution Topical 11.8 g
Solution Topical 0.05 % w/v
Solution Topical 20 %
Solution Topical 0.5 %
Solution Topical 40 g/1000mL
Cream Topical 0.03 g/15g
Capsule Oral
Solution Topical .04 mg/1mL
Solution Topical 0.04 mg/1mL
Solution Cutaneous; Topical
Mouthwash Oral
Rinse Oral
Spray Topical
Gel Transmucosal
Gel
Solution, concentrate Topical
Solution 4 % w/v
Solution, concentrate 5 % w/v
Gel Oral 1 %
Gel Oral
Solution Oral 0.1 %
Rinse Oropharyngeal
Rinse Oropharyngeal 2 mg/ml
Solution Oral
Cloth Topical
Mouthwash Buccal 0.12 % w/v
Solution Oral 1.2 mg/1mL
Solution Topical 4 %
Gel Topical 4 g/100mL
Liquid Oral 0.12 mg/1mL
Rinse Oral 0.12 mg/1mL
Rinse Oral 1.2 mg/1mL
Liquid Buccal 1.2 mg/1mL
Liquid Buccal 1.2 [iU]/1mL
Liquid; mouthwash Oral 0.12 % w/w
Mouthwash Buccal 0.12 % w/w
Solution Topical 0.05 %
Solution Topical 0.75 mg/100mL
Solution Topical 20 % w/v
Solution Dental 1.2 mg/1mL
Liquid Topical .05 %
Gel Buccal; Topical 0.2 g
Solution, concentrate
Solution Cutaneous
Solution Buccal; Oral 0.2 g
Solution Oral 120 mg
Cream Topical
Liquid Dental 1.2 mg/1mL
Cream; kit; solution Topical
Shampoo Topical
Shampoo Topical 30 g/L
Lotion Topical 4 % w/v
Mouthwash Oral
Solution Oral
Liquid Topical 0.5 g/1L
Cloth Topical 0.2 g/100mL
Gel Extracorporeal 0.55 g/500g
Tablet Transmucosal
Solution Topical 4 g/100mL
Sponge Topical 4 %
Liquid Topical 4.0 %
Solution Topical 2 %
Solution Topical 20 mg/1mL
Rinse Oral
Liquid Ophthalmic
Cloth Topical 2 g/100g
Liquid Topical 4 g/100mL
Solution Topical 20 g
Rinse Dental 0.5448 g/454g
Gel Topical 2 %
Gel Topical 4 %
Rinse Oral 17.5 g/100g
Tablet Transmucosal 5 MG
Mouthwash Buccal 0.12 %
Cloth Topical
Liquid Topical
Swab Topical
Ointment Topical
Gel Topical 4 % w/v
Aerosol Topical
Gel
Solution Topical 4 % w/w
Solution Topical 213 g/1000mL
Solution Topical 4 % w/v
Lozenge Oral
Liquid Cutaneous; Infiltration
Gel Urethral
Liquid Topical 0.02 g/10mL
Liquid Extracorporeal
Kit Oral
Concentrate Irrigation 2.36 mL/236mL
Ointment Ophthalmic
Cloth Topical 0.127 g/100g
Cream Topical 2 %
Cream Topical
Injection, solution; kit; solution Intravenous; Topical
Swab Topical 2 % w/v
Solution Topical 1 %
Solution Topical 1 G/100ML
Solution Topical 0.5 g
Gel Topical 0.09 g/100g
Liquid Buccal
Powder Topical
Solution
Suppository Vaginal
Solution Topical
Cream; kit; ointment; solution Topical
Lotion Topical 1 % w/w
Solution / drops Ophthalmic
Lotion Oral
Lotion Topical 0.5 % w/v
Solution Oral 0.12 g
Rinse Dental 1.2 mg/1mL
Ointment Topical 1 %
Mouthwash Oral 1.2 mg/ml
Liquid; mouthwash Buccal 0.12 %
Spray, metered Oral
Insert Dental
Insert, extended release Periodontal 2.5 mg/1
Liner, dental Periodontal 2.5 mg
Insert Periodontal 2.5 mg
Liquid Oral 1.2 mg/1mL
Rinse Buccal 1.2 mg/1mL
Solution Buccal 0.12 % w/w
Liquid Topical .12 %
Solution Ophthalmic
Liquid Topical 0.1 g/100mL
Swab Topical 0.2 g/100g
Solution Topical 1 mg/25mL
Kit; solution Dental 10 %
Liquid Buccal 0.12 %
Lotion Topical .283 g/56.6g
Lotion Topical 2.1508 g/430.16g
Lotion Topical 2 %
Solution Topical
Kit Buccal; Oral
Kit Buccal
Gel Topical
Cloth Topical 500 mg/1
Solution Irrigation
Solution
Liquid Topical 2 g/100mL
Solution Topical .75 mg/100mL
Solution Topical 4 mg/100mL
Solution Topical 2 g/100mL
Liquid Topical 4 %
Solution Topical 40 mg/1mL
Lotion Topical 2.0 %
Cloth Topical 0.35 U/100U
Soap Topical 24 mg/3g
Soap Topical 48 mg/3g
Cream Topical 2 mg/g
Kit Oral; Topical
Kit Buccal; Topical
Kit Topical
Lotion Topical 2.25 %
Liquid Topical 2 % w/w
Soap Topical
Liquid; sponge Topical 4 %
Aerosol Topical 4 % w/v
Sponge Topical 4 % w/v
Solution Topical 2 % w/v
Sponge Topical 2 % w/v
Cloth Topical 2 % w/v
Sponge Topical 0.05 % w/v
Solution; sponge Topical
Aerosol Topical 0.5 %
Spray Topical 0.5 %
Liquid Topical .5 %
Spray Topical 2 % w/w
Liquid Topical 2 %
Liquid Topical 20 %
Kit Buccal 1.2 [iU]/1mL
Spray Oral
Solution 0.05 %w/v
Ointment Topical
Solution Topical 10 g
Shampoo Topical 2 g
Solution Topical 0.35 g
Solution Topical 2.3 %
Solution Topical 4 g
Liquid Topical 0.01 g/10mL
Spray Oral
Liquid Dental
Cream Topical 1 %w/w
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Peridex 0.12% Solution 473ml Bottle 23.99USD bottle
Periogard 0.12% Solution 473ml Bottle 15.99USD bottle
Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% Solution 473ml Bottle 14.0USD bottle
Biopatch dressing 4.21USD each
Hibistat towelette 0.43USD each
Chlorhexidine gluc 20% soln 0.16USD ml
Hibiclens 4% liquid 0.04USD ml
Peridex 0.12% liquid 0.04USD ml
Chlorhexidine 2% scrub 0.03USD ml
Chlorhexidine 0.12% rinse 0.02USD ml
Dynahex 4% liquid 0.02USD ml
Dynahex 2% liquid 0.01USD ml
Periogard 0.12% oral rinse 0.01USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region
US7422388 No 2008-09-09 2027-04-25 US flag
US6536975 No 2003-03-25 2020-11-10 US flag
US6729786 No 2004-05-04 2023-03-14 US flag
US7241065 No 2007-07-10 2023-03-14 US flag
US5690958 No 1997-11-25 2016-09-30 US flag
US6991394 No 2006-01-31 2024-01-31 US flag
US7182536 No 2007-02-27 2023-12-30 US flag
US5538353 No 1996-07-23 2015-08-25 US flag
US5772346 No 1998-06-30 2017-04-22 US flag
US7081246 No 2006-07-25 2016-08-03 US flag
US5897031 No 1999-04-27 2016-06-21 US flag
USD468424 No 2003-01-07 2017-01-07 US flag
US7066916 No 2006-06-27 2024-02-17 US flag
US7595021 No 2009-09-29 2023-05-12 US flag
US7717889 No 2010-05-18 2025-02-27 US flag
US7935093 No 2011-05-03 2027-10-02 US flag
US7427574 No 2008-09-23 2026-04-25 US flag
US8623935 No 2014-01-07 2029-07-26 US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 800 mg/L (at 20 °C) MERCK INDEX (1996)
logP 0.08 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995), ionized pH 5
pKa 10.8 (at 25 °C) HANSCH,C & LEO,AJ (1985)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
Water Solubility 0.0261 mg/mL ALOGPS
logP 2.71 ALOGPS
logP 4.51 Chemaxon
logS -4.3 ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic) 10.52 Chemaxon
Physiological Charge 4 Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count 10 Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count 10 Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area 167.58 Å2 Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count 9 Chemaxon
Refractivity 181.71 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon
Polarizability 54.58 Å3 Chemaxon
Number of Rings 2 Chemaxon
Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon
Rule of Five No Chemaxon
Ghose Filter No Chemaxon
Veber's Rule No Chemaxon
MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.8984
Blood Brain Barrier + 0.7872
Caco-2 permeable + 0.5231
P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.6016
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.5733
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Inhibitor 0.9175
Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.7955
CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7033
CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.6218
CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6532
CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.8025
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.6847
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.927
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.5065
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8309
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.59
Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.6532
Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.857
Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9896
Rat acute toxicity 1.7711 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.5579
hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.5661
ADMET data is predicted usingadmetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positive LC-MS/MS Not Available
MS/MS Spectrum - , positive LC-MS/MS splash10-0ufr-2900000000-77fb2c1a85c1b39d8e91
MS/MS Spectrum - , positive LC-MS/MS splash10-00yi-2912000000-109a5810a9e5d36f3105

Targets

Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets tounlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
1. Bacterial outer membrane
Kind
Group
Organism
Bacteria
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Incorporation into and destabilization
References
  1. Zorko米, Jerala R: Alexidine and chlorhexidine bind to lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid and prevent cell activation by antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Oct;62(4):730-7. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkn270. Epub 2008 Jul 16. [Article]
  2. Kuyyakanond T, Quesnel LB: The mechanism of action of chlorhexidine. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1992 Dec 15;100(1-3):211-5. [Article]

Carriers

Details 1.Serum albumin
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
分子量
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Hjeljord LG, Rolla G, Bonesvoll P: Chlorhexidine-protein interactions. J Periodontal Res Suppl. 1973;12:11-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1973.tb02158.x. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at January 27, 2023 00:46